| . |
Seventh-day
Adventists accept the Bible as their only creed and hold certain fundamental
beliefs to be the teaching of the Holy Scriptures. These beliefs, as set
forth here, constitute the church's understanding and expression of the
teaching of Scripture. Revision of these statements may be expected at
a General Conference session when the church is led by the Holy Spirit
to a fuller understanding of Bible truth or finds better language in which
to express the teachings of God's Holy Word.
1.
The Holy Scriptures
The
Holy Scriptures, Old and New Testaments, are the written Word of God,
given by divine inspiration through holy men of God who spoke and wrote
as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. In this Word, God has committed
to man the knowledge necessary for salvation. The Holy Scriptures are
the infallible revelation of experience, the authoritative revealer
of doctrines, and the trustworthy record of God's acts in history. (2
Peter 1:20, 21; 2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Ps. 119:105; Prov. 30:5, 6; Isa. 8:20;
John 17:17; 1 Thess. 2:13; Heb. 4:12.)
2.
The Trinity
There
is one God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, a unity of three co-eternal
Persons. God is immortal, all-powerful, all-knowing, above all, and
ever present. He is infinite and beyond human comprehension, yet known
through His self-revelation. He is forever worthy of worship, adoration,
and service by the whole creation. (Deut. 6:4; Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:14;
Eph. 4:4-6; 1 Peter 1:2; 1 Tim. 1:17; Rev. 14:7.)
3.
The Father
God
the Eternal Father is the Creator, Source, Sustainer, and Sovereign of
all creation. He is just and holy, merciful and gracious, slow to anger,
and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness. The qualities and powers
exhibited in the Son and the Holy Spirit are also revelations of the Father.
(Gen. 1:1; Rev. 4:11; 1 Cor. 15:28; John 3:16; 1 John 4:8; 1 Tim. 1:17;
Ex. 34:6, 7; John 14:9.)
4.
The Son
God
the eternal Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ. Through Him all things
were created, the character of God is revealed, the salvation of humanity
is accomplished, and the world is judged. Forever truly God, He became
also truly man, Jesus the Christ. He was conceived of the Holy Spirit
and born of the virgin Mary. He lived and experienced temptation as
a human being, but perfectly exemplified the righteousness and love
of God. By His miracles He manifested God's power and was attested as
God's promised Messiah. He suffered and died voluntarily on the cross
for our sins and in our place, was raised from the dead, and ascended
to minister in the heavenly sanctuary in our behalf. He will come again
in glory for the final deliverance of His people and the restoration
of all things. (John 1:1-3, 14; Col. 1:15-19; John 10:30; 14:9; Rom.
6:23; 2 Cor. 5:17-19; John 5:22; Luke 1:35; Phil. 2:5-11; Heb. 2:9-18;
1 Cor. 15:3, 4; Heb. 8:1, 2; John 14:1-3.)
5.
The Holy Spirit
God
the eternal Spirit was active with the Father and the Son in Creation,
incarnation, and redemption. He inspired the writers of Scripture. He
filled Christ's life with power. He draws and convicts human beings;
and those who respond He renews and transforms into the image of God.
Sent by the Father and the Son to be always with His children, He extends
spiritual gifts to the church, empowers it to bear witness to Christ,
and in harmony with the Scriptures leads it into all truth. (Gen. 1:1,
2; Luke 1:35; 4:18; Acts 10:38; 2 Peter 1:21; 2 Cor. 3:18; Eph. 4:11,
12; Acts 1:8; John 14:16-18, 26; 15:26, 27; 16:7-13.)
6.
Creation
God
is Creator of all things, and has revealed in Scripture the authentic
account of His creative activity. In six days the Lord made "the heaven
and the earth" and all living things upon the earth, and rested on
the seventh day of that first week. Thus He established the Sabbath
as a perpetual memorial of His completed creative work. The first
man and woman were made in the image of God as the crowning work of
Creation, given dominion over the world, and charged with responsibility
to care for it. When the world was finished it was "very good," declaring
the glory of God. (Gen. 1; 2; Ex. 20:8-11; Ps. 19:1-6; 33:6, 9; 104;
Heb. 11:3.)
7.
The Nature of Man
Man
and woman were made in the image of God with individuality, the power
and freedom to think and to do. Though created free beings, each is
an indivisible unity of body, mind, and spirit, dependent upon God for
life and breath and all else. When our first parents disobeyed God,
they denied their dependence upon Him and fell from their high position
under God. The image of God in them was marred and they became subject
to death. Their descendants share this fallen nature and its consequences.
They are born with weaknesses and tendencies to evil. But God in Christ
reconciled the world to Himself and by His Spirit restores in penitent
mortals the image of their Maker. Created for the glory of God, they
are called to love Him and one another, and to care for their environment.
(Gen. 1:26-28; 2:7; Ps. 8:4-8; Acts 17:24-28; Gen. 3; Ps. 51:5; Rom.
5:12-17; 2 Cor. 5:19, 20; Ps. 51:10; 1 John 4:7, 8, 11, 20; Gen. 2:15.)
8.
The Great Controversy
All
humanity is now involved in a great controversy between Christ and Satan
regarding the character of God, His law, and His sovereignty over the
universe. This conflict originated in heaven when a created being, endowed
with freedom of choice, in self-exaltation, became Satan, God's adversary,
and led into rebellion a portion of the angels. He introduced the spirit
of rebellion into this world when he led Adam and Eve into sin. This
human sin resulted in the distortion of the image of God in humanity,
the disordering of the created world, and its eventual devastation at
the time of the worldwide flood. Observed by the whole creation, this
world became the arena of the universal conflict, out of which the God
of love will ultimately be vindicated. To assist His people in this
controversy, Christ sends the Holy Spirit and the loyal angels to guide,
protect, and sustain them in the way of salvation. (Rev. 12:4-9; Isa.
14:12-14; Eze. 28:12-18; Gen. 3; Rom. 1:19-32; 5:12-21; 8:19-22; Gen.
6-8; 2 Peter 3:6; 1 Cor. 4:9; Heb. 1:14.)
9.
The Life, Death, and Resurrection of Christ
In
Christ's life of perfect obedience to God's will, His suffering, death,
and resurrection, God provided the only means of atonement for human
sin, so that those who by faith accept this atonement may have eternal
life, and the whole creation may better understand the infinite and
holy love of the Creator. This perfect atonement vindicates the righteousness
of God's law and the graciousness of His character; for it both condemns
our sin and provides for our forgiveness. The death of Christ is substitutionary
and expiatory, reconciling and transforming. The resurrection of Christ
proclaims God's triumph over the forces of evil, and for those who accept
the atonement assures their final victory over sin and death. It declares
the Lordship of Jesus Christ, before whom every knee in heaven and on
earth will bow. (John 3:16; Isa. 53; 1 Peter 2:21, 22; 1 Cor. 15:3,
4, 20-22; 2 Cor. 5:14, 15, 19-21; Rom. 1:4; 3:25; 4:25; 8:3, 4; 1 John
2:2; 4:10; Col. 2:15; Phil. 2:6-11.)
10.
The Experience of Salvation
In
infinite love and mercy God made Christ, who knew no sin, to be sin for
us, so that in Him we might be made the righteousness of God. Led by
the Holy Spirit we sense our need, acknowledge our sinfulness, repent
of our transgressions, and exercise faith in Jesus as Lord and Christ,
as Substitute and Example. This faith which receives salvation comes
through the divine power of the Word and is the gift of God's grace.
Through Christ we are justified, adopted as God's sons and daughters,
and delivered from the lordship of sin. Through the Spirit we are born
again and sanctified; the Spirit renews our minds, writes God's law
of love in our hearts, and we are given the power to live a holy life.
Abiding in Him we become partakers of the divine nature and have the
assurance of salvation now and in the judgment. (2 Cor. 5:17-21; John
3:16; Gal. 1:4; 4:4-7; Titus 3:3-7; John 16:8; Gal. 3:13, 14; 1 Peter
2:21, 22; Rom. 10:17; Luke 17:5; Mark 9:23, 24; Eph. 2:5-10; Rom. 3:21-26;
Col. 1:13, 14; Rom. 8:14-17; Gal. 3:26; John 3:3-8; 1 Peter 1:23; Rom.
12:2; Heb. 8:7-12; Eze. 36:25-27; 2 Peter 1:3, 4; Rom. 8:1-4; 5:6-10.)
11. Growing in Christ
By His death on the cross Jesus triumphed over the forces of evil. He
who subjugated the demonic spirits during His earthly ministry has
broken their power and made certain their ultimate doom. Jesus' victory
gives us victory over the evil forces that still seek to control us,
as we walk with Him in peace, joy, and assurance of His love. Now the
Holy Spirit dwells within us and empowers us. Continually committed
to Jesus as our Saviour and Lord, we are set free from the burden of
our past deeds. No longer do we live in the darkness, fear of evil
powers, ignorance, and meaninglessness of our former way of life. In
this new freedom in Jesus, we are called to grow into the likeness
of His character, communing with Him daily in prayer, feeding on His
Word, meditating on it and on His providence, singing His praises,
gathering together for worship, and participating in the mission of
the Church. As we give ourselves in loving service to those around
us and in witnessing to His salvation, His constant presence with us
through the Spirit transforms every moment and every task into a spiritual
experience. (Ps 1:1, 2; 23:4; 77:11, 12; Col 1:13, 14; 2:6, 14, 15;
Luke 10:17-20; Eph 5:19, 20; 6:12-18; 1 Thess 5:23; 2 Peter 2:9; 3:18;
2 Cor. 3:17, 18; Phil 3:7-14; 1 Thess 5:16-18; Matt 20:25-28; John
20:21; Gal 5:22-25; Rom 8:38, 39; 1 John 4:4; Heb 10:25.)
12.
The Church
The
church is the community of believers who confess Jesus Christ as Lord
and Saviour. In continuity with the people of God in Old Testament times,
we are called out from the world; and we join together for worship,
for fellowship, for instruction in the Word, for the celebration of
the Lord's Supper, for service to all mankind, and for the world-wide
proclamation of the gospel. The church derives its authority from Christ,
who is the incarnate Word, and from the Scriptures, which are the written
Word. The church is God's family; adopted by Him as children, its members
live on the basis of the new covenant. The church is the body of Christ,
a community of faith of which Christ Himself is the Head. The church
is the bride for whom Christ died that He might sanctify and cleanse
her. At His return in triumph, He will present her to Himself a glorious
church, the faithful of all the ages, the purchase of His blood, not
having spot or wrinkle, but holy and without blemish. (Gen. 12:3; Acts
7:38; Eph. 4:11-15; 3:8-11; Matt. 28:19, 20; 16:13-20; 18:18; Eph. 2:19-22;
1:22, 23; 5:23-27; Col. 1:17, 18.)
13.
The Remnant and Its Mission
The
universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but
in the last days, a time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been
called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus. This
remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour, proclaims salvation
through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent. This
proclamation is symbolized by the three angels of Revelation 14; it
coincides with the work of judgment in heaven and results in a work
of repentance and reform on earth. Every believer is called to have
a personal part in this worldwide witness. (Rev. 12:17; 14:6-12; 18:1-4;
2 Cor. 5:10; Jude 3, 14; 1 Peter 1:16-19; 2 Peter 3:10-14; Rev. 21:1-14.)
14.
Unity in the Body of Christ
The
church is one body with many members, called from every nation, kindred,
tongue, and people. In Christ we are a new creation; distinctions of
race, culture, learning, and nationality, and differences between high
and low, rich and poor, male and female, must not be divisive among
us. We are all equal in Christ, who by one Spirit has bonded us into
one fellowship with Him and with one another; we are to serve and be
served without partiality or reservation. Through the revelation of
Jesus Christ in the Scriptures we share the same faith and hope, and
reach out in one witness to all. This unity has its source in the oneness
of the triune God, who has adopted us as His children (Rom. 12:4, 5;
1 Cor. 12:12-14; Matt. 28:19, 20; Ps. 133:1; 2 Cor. 5:16, 17; Acts 17:26,
27; Gal. 3:27, 29; Col. 3:10-15; Eph. 4:14-16; 4:1-6; John 17:20-23.)
15.
Baptism
By
baptism we confess our faith in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ,
and testify of our death to sin and of our purpose to walk in newness
of life. Thus we acknowledge Christ as Lord and Saviour, become His
people, and are received as members by His church. Baptism is a symbol
of our union with Christ, the forgiveness of our sins, and our reception
of the Holy Spirit. It is by immersion in water and is contingent on
an affirmation of faith in Jesus and evidence of repentance of sin.
It follows instruction in the Holy Scriptures and acceptance of their
teachings. (Rom. 6:1-6; Col. 2:12, 13; Acts 16:30-33; 22:16; 2:38; Matt.
28:19, 20.)
16.
The Lord's Supper
The
Lord's Supper is a participation in the emblems of the body and blood
of Jesus as an expression of faith in Him, our Lord and Saviour. In
this experience of communion Christ is present to meet and strengthen
His people. As we partake, we joyfully proclaim the Lord's death until
He comes again. Preparation for the Supper includes self-examination,
repentance, and confession. The Master ordained the service of foot
washing to signify renewed cleansing, to express a willingness to serve
one another in Christlike humanity, and to unite our hearts in love.
The communion service is open to all believing Christians. (1 Cor. 10:16,
17; 11:23-30; Matt. 26:17-30; Rev. 3:20; John 6:48-63; 13:1-17.)
17.
Spiritual Gifts and Ministries
God
bestows upon all members of His church in every age spiritual gifts which
each member is to employ in loving ministry for the common good of the
church and of humanity. Given by the agency of the Holy Spirit, who
apportions to each member as He wills, the gifts provide all abilities
and ministries needed by the church to fulfill its divinely ordained
functions. According to the Scriptures, these gifts include such ministries
as faith, healing, prophecy, proclamation, teaching, administration,
reconciliation, compassion, and self-sacrificing service and charity
for the help and encouragement of people. Some members are called of
God and endowed by the Spirit for functions recognized by the church
in pastoral, evangelistic, apostolic, and teaching ministries particularly
needed to equip the members for service, to build up the church to spiritual
maturity, and to foster unity of the faith and knowledge of God. When
members employ these spiritual gifts as faithful stewards of God's varied
grace, the church is protected from the destructive influence of false
doctrine, grows with a growth that is from God, and is built up in faith
and love. (Rom. 12:4-8; 1 Cor. 12:9-11, 27, 28; Eph. 4:8, 11-16; Acts
6:1-7; 1 Tim. 3:1-13; 1 Peter 4:10, 11.)
18.
The Gift of Prophecy
One
of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is prophecy. This gift is an identifying
mark of the remnant church and was manifested in the ministry of Ellen
G. White. As the Lord's messenger, her writings are a continuing and
authoritative source of truth which provide for the church comfort,
guidance, instruction, and correction. They also make clear that the
Bible is the standard by which all teaching and experience must be tested.
(Joel 2:28, 29; Acts 2:14-21; Heb. 1:1-3; Rev. 12:17; 29:10.)
19.
The Law of God
The
great principles of God's law are embodied in the Ten Commandments and
exemplified in the life of Christ. They express God's love, will, and
purposes concerning human conduct and relationships and are binding
upon all people in every age. These precepts are the basis of God's
covenant with His people and the standard in God's judgment. Through
the agency of the Holy Spirit they point out sin and awaken a sense
of need for a Saviour. Salvation is all of grace and not of works, but
its fruitage is obedience to the Commandments. This obedience develops
Christian character and results in a sense of well-being. It is an evidence
of our love for the Lord and our concern for our fellow men. The obedience
of faith demonstrates the power of Christ to transform lives, and therefore
strengthens Christian witness. (Ex. 20:1-17; Ps. 40:7, 8; Matt. 22:36-40;
Deut. 28:1-14; Matt. 5:17-20; Heb. 8:8-10; John 15:7-10; Eph. 2:8-10;
1 John 5:3; Rom. 8:3, 4; Ps. 19:7-14.)
20.
The Sabbath
The
beneficent Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the seventh
day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation.
The fourth commandment of God's unchangeable law requires the observance
of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest, worship, and ministry
in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the
Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one
another. It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification,
a token of our allegiance, and a foretaste of our eternal future in
God's kingdom. The Sabbath is God's perpetual sign of His eternal covenant
between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from
evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God's creative
and redemptive acts. (Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11; Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5,
6; 58:13, 14; Matt. 12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17; Eze. 20:12, 20; Deut. 5:12-15;
Heb. 4:1-11; Lev. 23:32; Mark 1:32.)
21.
Stewardship
We
are God's stewards, entrusted by Him with time and opportunities, abilities
and possessions, and the blessings of the earth and its resources. We
are responsible to Him for their proper use. We acknowledge God's ownership
by faithful service to Him and our fellow men, and by returning tithes
and giving offerings for the proclamation of His gospel and the support
and growth of His church. Stewardship is a privilege given to us by
God for nurture in love and the victory over selfishness and covetousness.
The steward rejoices in the blessings that come to others as a result
of his faithfulness. (Gen 1:26-28; 2:15; 1 Chron. 29:14; Hag. 1:3-11;
Mal. 3:8-12; 1 Cor. 9:9-14; Matt. 23:23; 2 Cor. 8:1-15; Rom. 15:26,
27.)
22.
Christian Behaviour
We
are called to be a godly people who think, feel, and act in harmony with
the principles of heaven. For the Spirit to recreate in us the character
of our Lord we involve ourselves only in those things which will produce
Christlike purity, health, and joy in our lives. This means that our
amusement and entertainment should meet the highest standards of Christian
taste and beauty. While recognizing cultural differences, our dress
is to be simple, modest, and neat, befitting those whose true beauty
does not consist of outward adornment but in the imperishable ornament
of a gentle and quiet spirit. It also means that because our bodies
are the temples of the Holy Spirit, we are to care for them intelligently.
Along with adequate exercise and rest, we are to adopt the most healthful
diet possible and abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures.
Since alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and the irresponsible use of drugs
and narcotics are harmful to our bodies, we are to abstain from them
as well. Instead, we are to engage in whatever brings our thoughts and
bodies into the discipline of Christ, who desires our wholesomeness,
joy, and goodness. (Rom. 12:1, 2; 1 John 2:6; Eph. 5:1-21; Phil. 4:8;
2 Cor. 10:5; 6:14-7:1; 1 Peter 3:1-4; 1 Cor. 6:19, 20; 10:31; Lev. 11:1-47;
3 John 2.)
23.
Marriage and the Family
Marriage
was divinely established in Eden and affirmed by Jesus to be a lifelong
union between a man and a woman in loving companionship. For the Christian
a marriage commitment is to God as well as to the spouse, and should
be entered into only between partners who share a common faith. Mutual
love, honor, respect, and responsibility are the fabric of this relationship,
which is to reflect the love, sanctity, closeness, and permanence of
the relationship between Christ and His church. Regarding divorce, Jesus
taught that the person who divorces a spouse, except for fornication,
and marries another, commits adultery. Although some family relationships
may fall short of the ideal, marriage partners who fully commit themselves
to each other in Christ may achieve loving unity through the guidance
of the Spirit and the nurture of the church. God blesses the family
and intends that its members shall assist each other toward complete
maturity. Parents are to bring up their children to love and obey the
Lord. By their example and their words they are to teach them that Christ
is a loving disciplinarian, even tender and caring, who wants them to
become members of His body, the family of God. Increasing family closeness
is one of the earmarks of the final gospel message. (Gen. 2:18-25; Matt.
19:3-9; John 2:1-11; 2 Cor. 6:14; Eph. 5:21-33; Matt. 5:31, 32; Mark
10:11, 12; Luke 16:18; 1 Cor. 7:10, 11; Ex. 20:12; Eph. 6:1-4; Deut.
6:5-9; Prov. 22:6; Mal. 4:5, 6.)
24.
Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary
There
is a sanctuary in heaven, the true tabernacle which the Lord set up and
not man. In it Christ ministers on our behalf, making available to believers
the benefits of His atoning sacrifice offered once for all on the cross.
He was inaugurated as our great High Priest and began His intercessory
ministry at the time of His ascension. In 1844, at the end of the prophetic
period of 2300 days, He entered the second and last phase of His atoning
ministry. It is a work of investigative judgment which is part of the
ultimate disposition of all sin, typified by the cleansing of the ancient
Hebrew sanctuary on the Day of Atonement. In that typical service the
sanctuary was cleansed with the blood of animal sacrifices, but the
heavenly things are purified with the perfect sacrifice of the blood
of Jesus. The investigative judgment reveals to heavenly intelligences
who among the dead are asleep in Christ and therefore, in Him, are deemed
worthy to have part in the first resurrection. It also makes manifest
who, among the living are abiding in Christ, keeping the commandments
of God and the faith of Jesus, and in Him, therefore, are ready for
translation into His everlasting kingdom. This judgment vindicates the
justice of God in saving those who believe in Jesus. It declares that
those who have remained loyal to God shall receive the kingdom. The
completion of this ministry of Christ will make the close of human probation
before the Second Advent. (Heb. 8:1-5; 4:14-16; 9:11-28; 10:19-22; 1:3;
2:16, 17; Dan. 7:9-27; 8:13, 14; 9:24-27; Num. 14:34; Eze. 4:6; Lev.
16; Rev. 14:6, 7; 20:12; 14:12; 22:12.)
25.
The Second Coming of Christ
The
second coming of Christ is the blessed hope of the church, the grand
climax of the gospel. The Saviour's coming will be literal, personal,
visible, and worldwide. When He returns, the righteous dead will be
resurrected, and together with the righteous living will be glorified
and taken to heaven, but the unrighteous will die. The almost complete
fulfillment of most lines of prophecy, together with the present condition
of the world, indicates that Christ's coming is imminent. The time of
that event has not been revealed, and we are therefore exhorted to be
ready at all times. (Titus 2:13; Heb. 9:28; John 14:1-3; Acts 1:9-11;
Matt. 24:14; Rev. 1:7; Matt. 24:43, 44; 1 Thess. 4:13-18; 1 Cor. 15:51-54;
2 Thess. 1:7-10; 2:8; Rev. 14:14-20; 19:11-21; Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke
21; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; 1 Thess. 5:1-6.)
26.
Death and Resurrection
The
wages of sin is death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal
life to His redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for
all people. When Christ, who is our life, appears, the resurrected righteous
and the living righteous will be glorified and caught up to meet their
Lord. The second resurrection, the resurrection of the unrighteous,
will take place a thousand years later. (Rom. 6:23; 1 Tim. 6:15, 16;
Eccl. 9:5, 6; Ps. 146:3, 4; John 11:11-14; Col. 3:4; 1 Cor. 15:51-54;
1 Thess. 4:13-17; John 5:28, 29; Rev. 20:1-10.)
27.
The Millennium and the End of Sin
The
millennium is the thousand-year reign of Christ with His saints in heaven
between the first and second resurrections. During this time the wicked
dead will be judged; the earth will be utterly desolate, without living
human inhabitants, but occupied by Satan and his angels. At its close
Christ with His saints and the Holy City will descend from heaven to
earth. The unrighteous dead will then be resurrected, and with Satan
and his angels will surround the city; but fire from God will consume
them and cleanse the earth. The universe will thus be freed of sin and
sinners forever. (Rev. 20; 1 Cor. 6:2, 3; Jer. 4:23-26; Rev. 21:1-5;
Mal. 4:1; Eze. 28:18, 19.)
28.
The New Earth
On
the new earth, in which righteousness dwells, God will provide an eternal
home for the redeemed and a perfect environment for everlasting life,
love, joy, and learning in His presence. For here God Himself will dwell
with His people, and suffering and death will have passed away. The
great controversy will be ended, and sin will be no more. All things,
animate and inanimate, will declare that God is love; and He shall reign
forever. Amen. (2 Peter 3:13; Isa. 35; 65:17-25; Matt. 5:5; Rev. 21:1-7;
22:1-5; 11:15.)
|
. |
